Laboratory fire safety is a systematic project, which is interconnected and influenced by each other. Strictly speaking, it is a part that affects the whole body. It runs through the entire life cycle of laboratory design, construction, decoration, and use. The fire protection design of the laboratory follows the national guidelines and policies concerning basic construction, implements the fire protection work policy of "prevention first, combining prevention and fire protection", and carries out design and construction in accordance with the "Code for Fire Protection of Building Design" GB 50016-2014.

If it is a new experimental building, it is necessary to work hard on site selection to satisfy the laboratory function. For example, a laboratory with fire and explosion hazards should be set up in an independent laboratory building. The laboratory building should be a single-story or ground-floor building, and maintain adequate fire separation distances from surrounding buildings. When encountering high-risk laboratories, such as hydrogenation laboratories and autoclave laboratories, they should be set up on the ground floor of the laboratory building against the outer wall, and separate entrances and exits should be set up. The laboratory building should have at least two entrances and exits, and there should be at least two entrances and exits on each floor. Each laboratory should have two exits, facing the corridor, and the distance should be as far apart as possible. From the site selection and positioning, the hidden fire hazard is first reduced. After the problem of positioning and site selection is solved, the fire protection design will focus on the configuration of special facilities. Eliminating open flames and poisonous gas is the purpose of fire protection design. So making a fuss about the content closely related to fire safety, such as electrical circuits, ventilation, laboratory furniture, and pipelines, is of absolute significance.

Let's follow CEIDI to see how to standardize the configuration in these aspects to ensure fire safety.

1. Power configuration

The lighting power supply in the laboratory must be separated from the power supply of the experimental equipment and equipped with main and sub-power switches. The power switch should be as far away as possible from the water source, and all electrical switches and sockets must be explosion-proof structures. The power supply of the experimental equipment should have two holes and three holes, and have protective cover sockets, which should be placed at each need and installed sideways to avoid short circuit due to splashing of liquid.

2. Ventilation equipment

The laboratory requires that all the fresh air must come from the outside and then all be exhausted outside. The exhaust of the chemical fume hood must not be circulated indoors. The fume hood has an upper exhaust type, a lower exhaust type and an upper and lower exhaust type at the same time. When choosing a fume hood, it can be determined according to the nature of the discharged material. If the discharged material is heavier than air, you can choose the lower exhaust type; if the discharged material is lighter than the air, choose the upper exhaust type; if the discharged material is unstable, Choose the top and bottom simultaneous exhaust type, and adjust the ratio of the top and bottom exhaust volume according to the actual situation. In addition, the fume hood cannot be used as the only indoor exhaust facility, and an exhaust hood should be installed above the instrument that may locally produce hazardous substances for local exhaust. The countertop of the fume hood is preferably made of cement; if a wood cabinet is used, it should be treated with waterproof and flame-retardant technology to make it resistant to a certain high temperature.

3. Experiment table

The net distance between the front and back of the two experimental tables in the laboratory should not be less than 60 cm when two people operate on one side; when four people operate on both sides, it should not be less than l30 cm; when more than four people operate on both sides, it should not be less than 150 cm. cm. The clear distance of the longitudinal aisle in the middle of the laboratory: when two people operate on one side, it is less than 60 cm; when four people operate on both sides, it should not be less than 90 cm. The clear distance between the end of the laboratory table and the wall (or inner wall pillars and equipment pipes protruding from the wall) should not be less than 55 cm.

4. Experimental cabinet

A small storage cabinet should be set up in the laboratory to store chemical reagents that need to be used in a short period of time. The storage cabinet should have good fire resistance, proper ventilation, and necessary safety colors to ensure the safe and reliable storage of reagents and hazardous poisons. The number of hazardous substances stored in the laboratory should be strictly controlled. Those who are not necessary for work should not be stored, and should not be left unused for a long time.

5. Pipelines

According to the needs of the experiment, the laboratory needs to lay water, electricity, gas, compressed air and other pipelines. The piping material should have a certain degree of chemical stability, and a certain interval should be maintained between the pipelines. Valves for gas, superheated steam, and compressed air should be painted in different colors or in different shapes to avoid confusion. The switch position of the valve should be easy to identify, and you can tell whether it is open or closed at a glance. The safety main gate for controlling electricity, gas, compressed air, superheated steam and other lines or pipelines should be located outside the laboratory.

In addition, it is essential to equip the laboratory with necessary fire-fighting facilities. The following four types of fire-fighting facilities are necessary for the laboratory:

1) Fire extinguishing equipment

The laboratory building should be equipped with necessary fire extinguishing equipment according to the technical specifications, including fire hoses, foam fire extinguishers, carbon dioxide fire extinguishers, dry powder fire extinguishers, carbon tetrachloride fire extinguishers, "1211" fire extinguishers, sand boxes, etc. Each laboratory should be equipped with a small fire extinguisher, hung indoors.

2) Anti-virus equipment

A number of filter-type gas masks or isolation-type gas masks should be installed on each floor in order to carry out the work of extinguishing fire and saving people in time. Its capacity should be able to breathe for 30 minutes.

3) Alarm

Alarms should be installed in laboratories engaged in highly toxic gases. In the event of a toxic gas leakage accident, the nearby laboratory can be alerted in time. The alarm can be an electric bell or a whistle.

4) Incident lighting

The laboratory building should be equipped with emergency power supply to ensure the lighting of evacuation passages and critical places in the event of a power outage. The emergency power supply is divided into two types: standby generator and standby battery. The standby generator should be able to start remotely or be equipped with an automatic starting device. In order to prevent the danger caused by the power outage during the experiment, the power supply should be guaranteed by the backup generator, and the lighting needs should be guaranteed within 45 seconds after the power outage, and the illuminance can be about 1/8 under normal conditions. Emergency lighting and safety evacuation indicator lights for evacuation passages, safety exits and stairs can be powered by backup batteries, and the illuminance should not be less than 1 lux. In the vicinity of the equipment that may cause accidents, the control room, the walls on both sides of the evacuation passage, the upper top of the safety exit, the corner of the staircase and the walkway, should focus on setting up accident lighting, and painted with conspicuous color signs. Safety evacuation indicators should also be set at safety exits, evacuation passages, etc.

In addition, CEIDI reminds you that in addition to the fire protection design in the laboratory decoration design, the laboratory should also formulate a strict use management system during use to reduce fire safety problems caused by human error. For example, a certain number of fire-fighting equipment must be stored in the laboratory, and designated personnel to manage regular replacement; all flammable and explosive materials (such as hydrogen, nitrogen, oxygen, etc.) in the laboratory must be kept at a certain distance from the fire source and power source, and not arbitrarily Stacking; to prevent overloading of electricity; no items should be stacked in the power switch box; flammable gas cylinders and fuel gas cylinders should not be mixed.